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The tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa) is an important ornamental flowering plant in China, with the shape of its flowers affecting its ornamental, and therefore, commercial value. Few studies have, however, looked at the molecular...
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The tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa) is an important ornamental flowering plant in China, with the shape of its flowers affecting its ornamental, and therefore, commercial value. Few studies have, however, looked at the molecular factors regulating flower organ development in tree peony. To identify flower shape-related candidate genes, we used transcriptome sequencing to comparatively analyze tree peony during petal development. A total of 16.77 Gb of clean data were assembled and 59,616 unigenes were identified with an N50 value of 1291 bp and a mean size of 888 bp. Fifty-seven percent of the all unigenes identified (33,919 unigenes) were annotated in six databases, where 22,154 unigenes were categorized into 64 gene ontology functional terms, 10,584 unigenes were assigned to 25 clusters of orthologous classifications, and 13,245 unigenes were classified into 127 reference pathways. After differential expression analysis of the unigenes, a total of 4224 differentially expressed genes were identified, of which 1886 unigenes were up-regulated and 2338 down-regulated between the two samples (petals in bud stage and petals in full blooming stage). Seventy-one candidate genes related to petal development were detected and classified into four groups. We believe that a complicated network exists during petal development and that these genes may be involved in petal formation and development in different pathways. This study offers a global survey of petal development in tree peony and will supply valuable information for future molecular studies of flowering development in tree peony.
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Flower glycerolipids are the yet-to-be discovered frontier of the lipidome. Although ample evidence suggests important roles for glycerolipids in flower development, stage-specific lipid profiling in tiny Arabidopsis flowers is ch...
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Flower glycerolipids are the yet-to-be discovered frontier of the lipidome. Although ample evidence suggests important roles for glycerolipids in flower development, stage-specific lipid profiling in tiny Arabidopsis flowers is challenging. Here, we utilized a transgenic system to synchronize flower development in Arabidopsis.The transgenic plant PAP1::AP1-GR ap1-1 cal-5 showed synchronized flower development upon dexamethasone treatment, which enabled massive harvesting of floral samples of homogenous developmental stages for glycerolipid profiling.Glycerolipid profiling revealed a decrease in concentrations of phospholipids involved in signaling during the early development stages, such as phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylinositol, and a marked increase in concentrations of nonphosphorous galactolipids during the late stage. Moreover, in the midstage, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate concentration was increased transiently, which suggests the stimulation of the phosphoinositide metabolism. Accompanying transcriptomic profiling of relevant glycerolipid metabolic genes revealed simultaneous induction of multiple phosphoinositide biosynthetic genes associated with the increased phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate concentration, with a high degree of differential expression patterns for genes encoding other glycerolipid-metabolic genes. The phosphatidic acid phosphatase mutant pah1 pah2 showed flower developmental defect, suggesting a role for phosphatidic acid in flower development.Our concurrent profiling of glycerolipids and relevant metabolic gene expression revealed distinct metabolic pathways stimulated at different stages of flower development in Arabidopsis.
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In the ornamental sector, the rose represents a study model due to its great variability, particularly in terms of flowering. Indeed, there are seasonal flowering roses (non-recurrent roses), and continuous-flowering roses that ha...
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In the ornamental sector, the rose represents a study model due to its great variability, particularly in terms of flowering. Indeed, there are seasonal flowering roses (non-recurrent roses), and continuous-flowering roses that have lost flowering repressor RoKSN, a member of the TFL1 family. The floral transition involves competition between RoKSN and the activator of flowering, FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT). FT and TFL1 belong to the phosphatidylethanolamine-binding proteins (PEBPs) family and the members of this family were studied in the rose genome. To understand the transition between vegetative to floral stages, three rose cultivars were genetically transformed by an overexpression of RoFT and were genetically and phenotycally characterised. These three transformed cultivars show different phenotic differences in terms of floral organs, architecture and flowering date. Thus, one genotype had more petals, another fewer, and no difference was observed in the third one. A study of the genes regulated by RoFT (RoSOC, RoLFY, RoAP1) as well as the genes implied in the floral organs identity (RoAP2, RoAG, RoFUL, RoAP3) was carried out. In addition, as RoFT is a mobile protein, grafting studies were carried out by grafting a non-recurrent rose onto roses overexpressing RoFT. This study allows us to understand the regulation of flowering in perennial species such as the rose in different genetic backgrounds.
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Flowers of Dipterygeae (Fabaceae, Papilionoideae) exhibit an unusual petaloid calyx. The two adaxial sepals are large and petaloid, and the three abaxial sepals form a three-toothed lobe. The goal of this study was to elucidate th...
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Flowers of Dipterygeae (Fabaceae, Papilionoideae) exhibit an unusual petaloid calyx. The two adaxial sepals are large and petaloid, and the three abaxial sepals form a three-toothed lobe. The goal of this study was to elucidate the ontogenetic pathways of this peculiar calyx in light of the floral development of the three genera that comprise the tribe. Floral buds of Dipteryx alata, Pterodon pubescens and Taralea oppositifolia were analysed using scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy. The order of bracteole and sepal initiation varies among the species. The androecium is asymmetric. The carpel cleft is positioned to the right or to the left, and is opposite the adaxial antepetalous stamen. The peculiarity of the calyx becomes noticeable in the intermediate stages of floral development. It results from the differential growth of the sepal primordia, in which the abaxial and lateral primordia remain diminutive during floral development, compared with the adaxial ones that enlarge and elongate. Bracteoles, abaxial sepals, petals and anthers are appendiculate, except in T. oppositifolia, in which the appendices were not found in bracteoles or anthers. These appendices comprise secretory canals or cavities. Considering that the ontogenetic pathway for the formation of the petaloid calyx is similar and exclusive for Dipterygeae, it might be a potential synapomorphy for the group, with the presence of secretory canals in the appendices of abaxial and lateral sepals and petals.
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Recent advances in confocal microscopy, coupled with the development of numerous fluorescent reporters, provide us with a powerful tool to study the development of plants. Live confocal imaging has been used extensively to further...
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Recent advances in confocal microscopy, coupled with the development of numerous fluorescent reporters, provide us with a powerful tool to study the development of plants. Live confocal imaging has been used extensively to further our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the formation of roots, shoots and leaves. However, it has not been widely applied to flowers, partly because of specific challenges associated with the imaging of flower buds. Here, we describe how to prepare and grow shoot apices of Arabidopsis in vitro, to perform both single-point and time-lapse imaging of live, developing flower buds with either an upright or an inverted confocal microscope. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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The plant-specific transcription factor LEAFY (LFY) is considered to be a master regulator of flower development in the model plant, Arabidopsis. This protein plays a dual role in plant growth, integrating signals from the floral ...
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The plant-specific transcription factor LEAFY (LFY) is considered to be a master regulator of flower development in the model plant, Arabidopsis. This protein plays a dual role in plant growth, integrating signals from the floral inductive pathways and acting as a floral meristem identity gene by activating genes for floral organ development. Although LFY occupies an important position in flower development, the functional divergence of LFY homologs has been demonstrated in several plants including monocots and gymnosperms. In particular, the functional roles of LFY genes from orchid species such as Phalaenopsis that contain unique floral morphologies with distinct expression patterns of floral organ identity genes remain elusive. Here, PhapLFY, an ortholog of Arabidopsis LFY from Phalaenopsis aphrodite subsp. formosana, a Taiwanese native monopodial orchid, was isolated and characterized through analyses of expression and protein activity. PhapLFY transcripts accumulated in the floral primordia of developing inflorescences, and the PhapLFY protein had transcriptional autoactivation activity forming as a homodimer. Furthermore, PhapLFY rescues the aberrant floral phenotypes of Arabidopsis lfy mutants. Overexpression of PhapLFY alone or together with PhapFT1, a P. aphrodite subsp. formosana homolog of Arabidopsis FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) in rice, caused precocious heading. Consistently, a higher Chl content in the sepals and morphological changes in epidermal cells were observed in the floral organs of PhapLFY knock-down orchids generated by virus-induced gene silencing. Taken together, these results suggest that PhapLFY is functionally distinct from RICE FLORICAULA/LEAFY (RFL) but similar to Arabidopsis LFY based on phenotypes of our transgenic Arabidopsis and rice plants.
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Key message Low number of pistillate flowers in the tung tree is a major factor causing the low yield of tung fruits. The tung tree (Vernicia fordiiHemsl.), an economically important woody oil plant, produces excellent fast-drying...
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Key message Low number of pistillate flowers in the tung tree is a major factor causing the low yield of tung fruits. The tung tree (Vernicia fordiiHemsl.), an economically important woody oil plant, produces excellent fast-drying oil from the seeds which has been used as a protective finish on projects and surfaces for centuries. Knowledge of sex determination and flower development of tung trees is helpful for high-yield cultivation and breeding of new elite cultivars. However, studies on tung flower biology and ontogeny are still lacking. Here, we reported a comprehensive study of the flower biology and ontogeny of the tung tree, focusing on flower cycle, flower morphology and flower development. The inflorescence phenophases of monoecious tung trees were divided into 12 pivotal stages and used as a unique timeline to reference the events registered throughout the flower cycle. Histological studies on sporogenesis and gametogenesis were also conducted. Meanwhile, all the unique events throughout flower cycle were linked together to show the correlation between inflorescence development phenophases, pistillate and staminate flower stages and its embryological development. Tung trees in our plantation were grouped into three major types, i.e., monoecious, gynoecious and androecious trees which produced different number of fruits in each inflorescence. We propose that low number of pistillate flowers in the tung tree is a major factor causing the low yield of tung fruits, and that any measures increasing the number of pistillate flowers would effectively improve the yield of tung fruits.
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Flowering involves a transition process from vegetative growth to reproductive development, in which a series of routine changes take place in the shoot apical meristems from metabolic pathway to external phenotype. Expression of ...
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Flowering involves a transition process from vegetative growth to reproductive development, in which a series of routine changes take place in the shoot apical meristems from metabolic pathway to external phenotype. Expression of the genes related to flowering is the foundation for achieving the transition. Environmental factors (such as vernalization and photoperiod) and the growth status of cell itself induce the expression of the specific genes.
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It has been known for a decade that the plant MADS genesare important regulators of meristem and floral organ identity. The MADS family in Arabidopsis consists of more than 80 members and, until recently, the function of the major...
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It has been known for a decade that the plant MADS genesare important regulators of meristem and floral organ identity. The MADS family in Arabidopsis consists of more than 80 members and, until recently, the function of the majority of these genes was unknown. With the enhanced ability to generate loss-of-function mutants and over-expression lines, the function of the MADS gene family members is beginning to be elucidated. Recent progress demonstrates that MADS genes in Arabidopsis are important regulators not only of meristem and floral organ identity but also of flowering timing and cell-type specification in floral organs.
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Photoperiod, irradiance, cool temperature (5 degrees C), and benzyladenine (BA) application effects on Echinopsis 'Rose Quartz' flowering were examined. Plants were placed in a 5 degrees C greenhouse under natural daylight (DL) fo...
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Photoperiod, irradiance, cool temperature (5 degrees C), and benzyladenine (BA) application effects on Echinopsis 'Rose Quartz' flowering were examined. Plants were placed in a 5 degrees C greenhouse under natural daylight (DL) for 0, 4, 8, or 12 weeks, then moved to a 22/18 degrees C (day/night temperature) greenhouse under short days (SD, 8-hour DL) plus 0, 25, 45, or 75 mu mol.m(-2).s(-1) supplemental lighting (0800-1600 HR; 8-hour photoperiod), long days (LD) delivered with DL plus night-interruption lighting (NI) (2200-0200 HR), or DL plus 25, 45, or 75 mu mol.m(-2).s(-1) supplemental lighting (0800-0200 HR) for 6 weeks. Plants were then grown under DL only. Percent flowering plants increased as irradiance increased from 0-25 to +75 mmol.m(-2).s(-1) on uncooled plants, from 0% to 100% as 5 degrees C exposure increased from 0 to 8 weeks under subsequent SD and from 25% to 100% as 5 degrees C exposure increased from 0 to 4 weeks under subsequent LD. As 5 degrees C exposure duration increased from 0 to 12 weeks (SD-grown) and from0 to 8 weeks (LD-grown), flower number increased from 0 to 11 and from 5 to 21 flowers per plant across irradiance treatments, respectively. Total production time ranged from 123 to 147 days on plants cooled from 8 to 12 weeks (SD-grown) and from 52 to 94 days on plants cooled for 0-4 weeks to 119-153 days on plants cooled for 8-12 weeks (LD-grown). Flower life varied from 1 to 3 days. BA spray application (10-40 mg.L-1) once or twice after a 12-week 5 degrees C exposure reduced flower number. Flower development was not photoperiodic. High flower number (17-21 flowers/plant) and short production time (including cooling time, 120-122 days) occurred when plants were grown at 5 degrees C for 8 weeks, then grown under LD + 45-75 mu mol.m(-2).s(-1) for 6 weeks (16 hours; 10.9-12.8 mol.m(-2).d(-1)) at a 22/18 degrees C day/night temperature. Taken together, Echinopsis 'Rose Quartz' exhibited a facultative cool temperature and facultative LD requirement for flowering.
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